Creating Tables Dum and Dee in PostgreSQL

I was nerd-sniped:

So tables dee and dum are two theoretical tables in SQL, and they can be characterised as such:

[Dee] is the relation that has no attributes and a single tuple. It plays the role of True.

[Dum] is the relation that has no attributes and no tuples. It plays the role of False.

Quite academic? Sure. But the awesome PostgreSQL database can model these beasts! Check this out:

-- Creating the tables:
CREATE TABLE dum();
CREATE TABLE dee();
INSERT INTO dee DEFAULT VALUES;

-- Making sure the tables stay this way:
CREATE FUNCTION dum_trg ()
RETURNS trigger
AS $$
BEGIN
  RAISE EXCEPTION 'Dum must be empty';
END
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE TRIGGER dum_trg
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE OR TRUNCATE
ON dum
FOR EACH STATEMENT
EXECUTE PROCEDURE dum_trg();

CREATE FUNCTION dee_trg ()
RETURNS trigger
AS $$
BEGIN
  RAISE EXCEPTION 'Dee must keep one tuple';
END
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE TRIGGER dee_trg
BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE OR TRUNCATE
ON dee
FOR EACH STATEMENT
EXECUTE PROCEDURE dee_trg();

And we’re done!

Check this out:

SELECT * FROM dum;

Nothing!

SELECT * FROM dee;

One row with no columns!

Just to be sure:

SELECT 'dum' AS t, count(*)
FROM dum
UNION ALL
SELECT 'dee' AS t, count(*)
FROM dee;

And we’ll get, nicely:

Caveat

Note, it is worth mentioning that there are some flaws / “bugs” (in my opinion). This query:

SELECT DISTINCT * FROM dee;

… yields an error:

ERROR: SELECT DISTINCT must have at least one column
SQL state: 42601

I suspect the author(s) of the DISTINCT operation have overlooked a nice feature here. UNION on the other hand doesn’t work correctly either. It doesn’t remove duplicates (but also doesn’t complain:

SELECT * FROM dee
UNION
SELECT * FROM dee

This yields:

, which is surprising, because when we nest the record with the following useful PostgreSQL specific syntax, we’ll get a single nested empty row:

SELECT dee FROM dee
UNION
SELECT dee FROM dee

When we use EXCEPT or INTERSECT, however, clearly, we’re running in a bug. Both of these queries return the same result:

SELECT * FROM dee
EXCEPT
SELECT * FROM dee

SELECT * FROM dee
INTERSECT
SELECT * FROM dee

The same result as the UNION:

In any case: Every database schema should have these. Much more powerful than Oracle’s DUAL table. With this, have a nice weekend!